POLITENESS AND UCHI-SOTO IN CROSS-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES
Keywords:
Politeness, Uchi-Soto, Culture, Language Markers
Abstract
every language has a polite manner of expression to the speaker. Both the indonesian and japanese expressions of this polite form are influenced by their culture. Politeness in Japanese is influenced in part by the uchi-soto culture. The form of respect used by paying attention to the interlocutor is an insider (Uchi) or an outsider (Soto), also paying attention to whether it is higher or lower, and age or position with the interlocutor. That forms of politeness in Japanese have interesting linguistic forms and processes to be studied in comparison with the disclosure in Indonesian. This paper discusses cultural understanding of the politeness in both languages ​​expressed through various language markers, both grammatically and/or lexically, and morphemic processes.
References
Adams, M. K. and Orito Y. (2009). The Japanese Sense of Information Policy. Supported by Global Research Award from the UK’s Royal Academy of engineering.
Brown, P. and Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Fitriah, and Hidayat, D. N. (2018). Politeness: Cultural Dimensions of Linguistic Choice. IJEE (Indonesian Journal of English Education), 5 (1), 2018, pp. 26-34.
Gonda, J. (1949). The Javanese vocabulary of courtesy. Lingua 1, pp. 333-376.
Jeanyfer and Trisnowati, T. (2018). Request Strategies in Indonesian: An Analysis of Politeness Phenomena in Text Messages. Journal of Language and Literature, Vol. 18 No. 2 - October 2018; pp. 137-145.
Haugh, M. (2004). Revisiting the Conceptualisation of Politeness in English and Japanese. Multilingua 23 (1/2): pp. 85–110, doi:10.1515/mult.2004.009.
Hiroyuki, K. (2012). Shokyuu ga Owattara Hajimeyou: Nihongo Keigo Toreeninggu, Tokyo: Asuku Shuppan.
Hymes, D. (1972). Models of The Interaction of Language and Social Life. in J.J. Gumperz dan D. Hymes (ed). Directions in Sociolinguistics: The Ethnography of Communication. NY: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Foundations in Sociolinguistics: An Ethnographic Approach. (1985). 7th Edition. Philadelphia. University of Pennsylvania Press.
Kawasaki, A. (1987). Eigominzoku no keigo- America eigo no sutorategii. Honorific of English People-Strategy of American English. Gengo 16/8 pp. 45-49.
Koentjaraningrat. (2009). Pengantar Ilmu Antropologi. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.
Kushartanti, Untung, Y., and Lauder, R. M. T. M. (eds). (2005). Pesona Bahasa: Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Lakoff, R. (1972). The Logic of Politeness: or, Minding Your p’s and q’s. In C. Corum, T. C. Smith-Stark & A. Weiser (Eds.), Papers from the Ninth Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society (pp. 345–356). Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.
Lakoff, R. (1990). Talking about Language, Talking about Power. USA: Basic Book.
Lam, P. (2016). Pragmatic Issues in Specialized Communicative Contexts. Pragmatic Issues in Specialized Communicative Contexts, (Leech 1983). https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004323902
Leech, G. N. (1983). Principles of Pragmatics. New York: Longman.
The Pragmatics of Politeness. (2014). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Levinson, S. C. (1983). Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Maynard, S. K. (1997). Japanese Communication: Language and Thought in Context. University of Hawaii Press.
Makino, S. (1996). Uchi to soto no gengobunkagaku ‘The study of culture of in-group and out group’ ALC.
Meilinar, F. (2013). Analisis Kesantunan Berbahasa Customer Service pada Bank di Kota Bireuen Dalam Berinteraksi dengan Nasabah. http://ciimuanies.blogspot.com/2013/09/ analisis-kesantunan-berbahasa-customer.html (diakses tanggal 16 Maret 2019).
Nurjamily, W. O. (2015). Kesantunan Berbahasa Indonesia dalam Lingkungan Keluarga (Kajian Sosiopragmatik). Humanika, 3(15), pp. 1-18.
Osamu, M. and Mizutani, N. (1987). How to be Polite in Japanese. Japan: The Japan Times.
Partana, P. (2006). Tindak Tutur Tak Langsung Bahasa Jawa: Studi Meta Pesan Pada Penutur Bahasa Jawa di Surakarta (Indirect speech acts of Javanese: the study of meta-meaning on the Javanese community in Surakarta). Linguistika Jawa 2 (1), pp. 1-13.
Pizziconi, B. (2004). Japanese Politeness in the Work of Fujio Minami. Linguistics 13: pp. 269–280.
Pranowo. (2009). Berbahasa Secara Santun. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
Unsur Intraligual dan Ekstralingual sebagai Penanda Daya Bahasa dan Nilai Rasa Bahasa dalam Kesantunan Berkomunikasi (2016). AdabiyyÄt: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra, 14 (2), pp. 191-225.
Rahardi, K. (2005). Pragmatik (Kesantunan Imperatif Bahasa Indonesia). Yogyakarta: Erlangga.
Pragmatic Phenomena Constellation in Specific Culture Dimension Language Study. (2017). International Journal of Humanity Studies, 1 (1), 84-92.
Rinnert, C. & Kobayashi, H. (1999). Requestive Hints in Japanese and English. Journal of Pragmatics, 31 (9), pp. 1173-1201.
Santoso, W. J. (2013). Kode dan Kesantunan dalam Tindak Tutur Direktif pada Rapat Dinas: Kajian Sosiopragmatik Berperspektif Jender dan Jabatan. dalam Lingua: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya. No./Vol.:2IX Halaman: 9-17 Tahun: 2013, ISSN: 1829-9342. Semarang: Unnes Press.
Sawanobori, H. (1990). Eigoteki Sikoo’s English way of Thinking’s Koudansya.
Searle, J. (1969). Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sukarno. (2015). Politeness Strategy in Responding to Compliments in Javanese. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, Vol. 4 No. 2, January 2015, pp. 91-101.
Sukle. (1994). UCHI/SOTO: Choice in directive speech acts in Japanese in Bachnik, J. Dan Quinn, C. (Eds). Situated meaning. Princeton University Press.
Sumarlam, S. P. and Susanti, R. (2017). Pemahaman dan Kajian Pragmatik. Solo: BukuKatta.
Uhlenbeck, E.M. (1970). The use of respect forms in Javanese in Pacific linguistic studies in honour of Arthur Capell. Edited by S.A. Wurn and D.C. Laycock. Pacific Linguistic Series C, No. 13. Sydney/Melbourne: The Australian National University.
Wardhaugh, R. (1998). An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 3rd Edition. Cambridge: Black Well.
Widyaningrum, M. A., Sumarlam, S., and Marmanto, S. (2017). Strategi Kesantunan dan Pelanggaran Prinsip Kerjasama dalam Talkshow RUMPI (NO SECRET) di TRANS TV (Tinjauan Pragmatik). PRASASTI: Journal of Linguistics, 2(2), pp. 272-283.
Wijana, I D. P. (1996). Dasar-Dasar Pragmatik. Yogyakarta: Andi.
Wijana, I D. P. and Rohmadi, M. (2011). Analisis Wacana Pragmatik: Kajian Teori dan Analisis. Surakarta: Yuma Pustaka.
Sosiolinguistik: Kajian Teori dan Analisis. (2013). Sosiolinguistik: Kajian Teori dan Analisis. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
Wiyatasari, R. (2017). Representasi Konsep Uchi-Soto dalam Bahasa Jepang. Kiryoku Volume 1 (4): pp. 37-47.
Wolff, J. U, and Poedjosoedarmo, S. (1982). Communicative codes in Central Java (Linguistic Series VIII). New York: Department of Asian Studies, Cornel University.
Yule, G. (1996). Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Yuniarsih and Yasunori, O. (2019). Uchi and Soto Culture of Business Letters in Japanese. Jurnal International Seminar on Languages, Literature, Art and Education (ISLLAE) Volume 1 Issue 1, January 2019.
Zamzani, Tadkiroatun Musfiroh, Siti Maslakhah, Ari Listyorini, Yayuk Eny R. (2011). Pengembangan Alat Ukur Kesantunan Bahasa Indonesia dalam Interaksi Sosial Bersemuka. LITERA Volume 10, Nomor 1, April 2011.
Brown, P. and Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Fitriah, and Hidayat, D. N. (2018). Politeness: Cultural Dimensions of Linguistic Choice. IJEE (Indonesian Journal of English Education), 5 (1), 2018, pp. 26-34.
Gonda, J. (1949). The Javanese vocabulary of courtesy. Lingua 1, pp. 333-376.
Jeanyfer and Trisnowati, T. (2018). Request Strategies in Indonesian: An Analysis of Politeness Phenomena in Text Messages. Journal of Language and Literature, Vol. 18 No. 2 - October 2018; pp. 137-145.
Haugh, M. (2004). Revisiting the Conceptualisation of Politeness in English and Japanese. Multilingua 23 (1/2): pp. 85–110, doi:10.1515/mult.2004.009.
Hiroyuki, K. (2012). Shokyuu ga Owattara Hajimeyou: Nihongo Keigo Toreeninggu, Tokyo: Asuku Shuppan.
Hymes, D. (1972). Models of The Interaction of Language and Social Life. in J.J. Gumperz dan D. Hymes (ed). Directions in Sociolinguistics: The Ethnography of Communication. NY: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Foundations in Sociolinguistics: An Ethnographic Approach. (1985). 7th Edition. Philadelphia. University of Pennsylvania Press.
Kawasaki, A. (1987). Eigominzoku no keigo- America eigo no sutorategii. Honorific of English People-Strategy of American English. Gengo 16/8 pp. 45-49.
Koentjaraningrat. (2009). Pengantar Ilmu Antropologi. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.
Kushartanti, Untung, Y., and Lauder, R. M. T. M. (eds). (2005). Pesona Bahasa: Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Lakoff, R. (1972). The Logic of Politeness: or, Minding Your p’s and q’s. In C. Corum, T. C. Smith-Stark & A. Weiser (Eds.), Papers from the Ninth Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society (pp. 345–356). Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.
Lakoff, R. (1990). Talking about Language, Talking about Power. USA: Basic Book.
Lam, P. (2016). Pragmatic Issues in Specialized Communicative Contexts. Pragmatic Issues in Specialized Communicative Contexts, (Leech 1983). https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004323902
Leech, G. N. (1983). Principles of Pragmatics. New York: Longman.
The Pragmatics of Politeness. (2014). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Levinson, S. C. (1983). Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Maynard, S. K. (1997). Japanese Communication: Language and Thought in Context. University of Hawaii Press.
Makino, S. (1996). Uchi to soto no gengobunkagaku ‘The study of culture of in-group and out group’ ALC.
Meilinar, F. (2013). Analisis Kesantunan Berbahasa Customer Service pada Bank di Kota Bireuen Dalam Berinteraksi dengan Nasabah. http://ciimuanies.blogspot.com/2013/09/ analisis-kesantunan-berbahasa-customer.html (diakses tanggal 16 Maret 2019).
Nurjamily, W. O. (2015). Kesantunan Berbahasa Indonesia dalam Lingkungan Keluarga (Kajian Sosiopragmatik). Humanika, 3(15), pp. 1-18.
Osamu, M. and Mizutani, N. (1987). How to be Polite in Japanese. Japan: The Japan Times.
Partana, P. (2006). Tindak Tutur Tak Langsung Bahasa Jawa: Studi Meta Pesan Pada Penutur Bahasa Jawa di Surakarta (Indirect speech acts of Javanese: the study of meta-meaning on the Javanese community in Surakarta). Linguistika Jawa 2 (1), pp. 1-13.
Pizziconi, B. (2004). Japanese Politeness in the Work of Fujio Minami. Linguistics 13: pp. 269–280.
Pranowo. (2009). Berbahasa Secara Santun. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
Unsur Intraligual dan Ekstralingual sebagai Penanda Daya Bahasa dan Nilai Rasa Bahasa dalam Kesantunan Berkomunikasi (2016). AdabiyyÄt: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra, 14 (2), pp. 191-225.
Rahardi, K. (2005). Pragmatik (Kesantunan Imperatif Bahasa Indonesia). Yogyakarta: Erlangga.
Pragmatic Phenomena Constellation in Specific Culture Dimension Language Study. (2017). International Journal of Humanity Studies, 1 (1), 84-92.
Rinnert, C. & Kobayashi, H. (1999). Requestive Hints in Japanese and English. Journal of Pragmatics, 31 (9), pp. 1173-1201.
Santoso, W. J. (2013). Kode dan Kesantunan dalam Tindak Tutur Direktif pada Rapat Dinas: Kajian Sosiopragmatik Berperspektif Jender dan Jabatan. dalam Lingua: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya. No./Vol.:2IX Halaman: 9-17 Tahun: 2013, ISSN: 1829-9342. Semarang: Unnes Press.
Sawanobori, H. (1990). Eigoteki Sikoo’s English way of Thinking’s Koudansya.
Searle, J. (1969). Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sukarno. (2015). Politeness Strategy in Responding to Compliments in Javanese. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, Vol. 4 No. 2, January 2015, pp. 91-101.
Sukle. (1994). UCHI/SOTO: Choice in directive speech acts in Japanese in Bachnik, J. Dan Quinn, C. (Eds). Situated meaning. Princeton University Press.
Sumarlam, S. P. and Susanti, R. (2017). Pemahaman dan Kajian Pragmatik. Solo: BukuKatta.
Uhlenbeck, E.M. (1970). The use of respect forms in Javanese in Pacific linguistic studies in honour of Arthur Capell. Edited by S.A. Wurn and D.C. Laycock. Pacific Linguistic Series C, No. 13. Sydney/Melbourne: The Australian National University.
Wardhaugh, R. (1998). An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 3rd Edition. Cambridge: Black Well.
Widyaningrum, M. A., Sumarlam, S., and Marmanto, S. (2017). Strategi Kesantunan dan Pelanggaran Prinsip Kerjasama dalam Talkshow RUMPI (NO SECRET) di TRANS TV (Tinjauan Pragmatik). PRASASTI: Journal of Linguistics, 2(2), pp. 272-283.
Wijana, I D. P. (1996). Dasar-Dasar Pragmatik. Yogyakarta: Andi.
Wijana, I D. P. and Rohmadi, M. (2011). Analisis Wacana Pragmatik: Kajian Teori dan Analisis. Surakarta: Yuma Pustaka.
Sosiolinguistik: Kajian Teori dan Analisis. (2013). Sosiolinguistik: Kajian Teori dan Analisis. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
Wiyatasari, R. (2017). Representasi Konsep Uchi-Soto dalam Bahasa Jepang. Kiryoku Volume 1 (4): pp. 37-47.
Wolff, J. U, and Poedjosoedarmo, S. (1982). Communicative codes in Central Java (Linguistic Series VIII). New York: Department of Asian Studies, Cornel University.
Yule, G. (1996). Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Yuniarsih and Yasunori, O. (2019). Uchi and Soto Culture of Business Letters in Japanese. Jurnal International Seminar on Languages, Literature, Art and Education (ISLLAE) Volume 1 Issue 1, January 2019.
Zamzani, Tadkiroatun Musfiroh, Siti Maslakhah, Ari Listyorini, Yayuk Eny R. (2011). Pengembangan Alat Ukur Kesantunan Bahasa Indonesia dalam Interaksi Sosial Bersemuka. LITERA Volume 10, Nomor 1, April 2011.
Published
2020-12-01
